The Existing Ethical Issues of American Standardized Testing

After the implementation of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† high risk standardized testing has become a pressure cooker of corruption in the United States due to often unrealistic expectations, abundant incentives, and harsh punishments placed upon educators and administrators, overall resulting in the essential need for reform. The concept that every student’s academic ability can be assessed by a single universal exam is a misguided notion. A large majority of educators are subject to severe punishments in the even that their students do not perform at or above the â€Å"adequate yearly progress† standard. If their students consistently underperform, the teachers are often severely and swiftly punished. If a teacher is presented with a†¦show more content†¦When a teacher is presented with this conflict, going against standard regulations may be tempting. To regulate this, many states have placed strict guidelines where the students’ teacher is not the individual proctoring the test. However, there are still several states that have the teacher administer test to his or her own students, often times without another proctor in the room. This inconsistency between state regulations also proves the biased separation between how students are tested from state to state, causing certain students more opportunities for assistance than others. With this lack of security, it becomes incredibly easy for teachers to go against common regulations, such as allowing more time on sections, allowing students to go back and work on previous sections, or answering any municipal questions the children may ask, or major, such as changing a student’s attempted answer to correct, or opening a test before the test date and teaching the students the exact test questions. These frightening test practices send a message that â€Å"examiners should take into consideration the appropriate changes to be done, keeping in mind the professiona l and standardization of the test† (Farah). Although these test tampering methods can be seen as the teachers way of assisting students with academic disabilities that do not receive the help they need, theShow MoreRelatedCultural, Ethical and Legal Considerations in Psychological Testing1400 Words   |  6 PagesCultural, Ethical and Legal Considerations in Psychological Testing Cultural Considerations in Psychological Testing Culture differs in every part of the world and in these differences; psychology addresses the people who take part in the idea of culture and its practices. In psychological testing, many issues are raised regarding how such tests are appropriate for different groups of people, underlying their traditions, races, and sex. 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What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project Free Essays

string(110) " a larger organisational system with distinct cultural and structural characteristics \(Tata, 2000:187-193\)\." Faculty of Business Department of Management and Project Management Baccalaureus Technologiae Project Management Project Research IV Lecturer: L. Jowah RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. 1 Research Question 1 Topic 1 KEY WORDS 1 CONCEPT DEFINITIONS 1 2 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY 3 1. 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1. 4. 1 Primary objective 5 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study 5 1. 4. Empirical objectives 5 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 6 1. 5. 1 Literature review 6 1. 5. 2 Target population 6 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection 7 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis 7 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 7 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review 7 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology 7 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Results and Findings 7 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations 8 1. 7 SYNOPSIS 8 REFERENCES 9 Questionnaire 11 Part A – Project Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Part B – Organisational Support†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. Research Question – How does the matrix structure affect the project manager’s effectiveness? Topic – Organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a project manager. KEY WORDS organisational structures management project management CONCEPT DEFINITIONS Project: According to the PMBOK – A temporary endeavor ndertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services A project management guide, and an internationally recognized standard, that provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. PMBOK – Project Management Body of Knowledge: Management Organisational structures: 1. Effective use and coordination of resources such as capital, plant materials and labour to achieve defined objectives with maximum efficiency. . People responsible for directing and running and organisation. 1. Arrangement of the work of the organisation into units and management positions between which there are defined relationships involving the exercise of authority and the communication of instructions and information. 2. Determination and specification of appropriate operational and functional roles and the resulting relationships. The aim of organisational structuring is to provide for an effective organisation structure which enables the best use to be made of the minds, judgements and energies of the members of the organisati on. CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Project management is the discipline of planning, organising, and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives (Cleland Gareis, 2006:1-4). According to Burke (2007:28-30), modern day project management started in the early 1900’s with Henry Gantt’s development of the barchart, and project management techniques which were specifically developed for the military and aerospace projects of the 1950’s and 1960’s in America and Britain. Today, companies are encouraged to change their management systems to adapt to the project management environment. A project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service (PMBOK, 2004:4). According to Sandhu Gunasekaran (2004:673-690), a project is a set of inter-related tasks that are undertaken by an organisation to meet defined objectives, that has an agreed start and finish time, is constrained by cost, and that has specified performance requirements and resources. Projects are usually led by a project manager who is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, and closing of any project. However the project manager has to interface with the line management, according to Kerzner (2006:7). Projects are performed by people and managed through people, so it is essential to develop an organisation structure which reflects the needs of the project (Burke, 2007:304). Organisations use project management to bring key people together to achieve specific goals (Palmer, 2002:101-105). According to Gido Clements (2003:336-339), Conflict can arise from poor or organisational issues can cause conflict in a project. mbiguous project communication, lack of information sharing, or failure to make timely decisions. Problems caused by conflict include: confusion; waste of time, money and opportunity; diminished productivity; de-motivation of individuals and teams; internal conflicts and power struggles and ultimately project failure (Box Platts, 2005:370-387). 2 Due to the numerous wo rking interfaces, complicated networks, and diversified team members of a large project, coordination efficiency among members of the team is vital to the project’s success (Cheng, Su You, 2003:70-79). One of the simplest, yet most effective things upper management can do is to set out the company’s policy for project management; thus establishing the vision for how the company wants to best utilise project management concepts and gives a clear downwards communication (Eve, 2007:85-90). Successful executives and managers must maintain an appropriate balance between strategic and operational concerns, as they conduct the affairs of their organisation in a project management environment (Czuchry Yasin, 2003:39-46). The first and most basic lesson learnt regarding project management implementation, is that top management must demonstrate its unequivocal and visible support for a transition to the project management way of goal achievement (Brown Botha, 2005:1-7). When senior management place the responsibility for project success with the project manager, without providing adequate authority and at times, implemented changes that further undermine the project manager’s authority; it leads to project failure (Kennedy Marx, 2009:368-373). The starting point for ensuring that matrix structures work effectively is to ensure that there is a genuine need for them (Rees Porter, 2004:189-193). Matrix structures should not be introduced simply on the basis that they are fashionable. It is also important to note that work teams do not exist in a vacuum, but are part of a larger organisational system with distinct cultural and structural characteristics (Tata, 2000:187-193). You read "What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project" in category "Essay examples" 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY An organisational structure is a mainly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim. Organisational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. 3 A hierarchical organisation is an organisational structure where every entity in the organisation, except one, is sub-ordinate to a single other entity. This arrangement is a form of a hierarchy. In an organisation, the hierarchy usually consists of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. This is the dominant mode of organisation among large organisations; most corporations, governments, and organized religions are hierarchical organisations with different levels of management, power or authority. Organisations have recognised that performing organisational projects has increased both organisational efficiency and effectiveness, thus organisational projects are becoming more of a norm than an exception these days. Each type of organisation has advantages and disadvantages pertaining to project implementation. The organisation should establish firm, standardized project management systems. The matrix structure leads to institutionalised conflict which, if properly channelled, should lead to a number of advantages, such as efficiency and flexibility in used of resources, technical excellence of solutions, motivation and development of employees and the freeing of top management from routine decision making (Rowlinson, 2001:669-673). According to Brown (2008:1-9), a seven step organisational process needs to be formally instituted in an organisation through a thoroughly planned strategy to ensure that appropriate project management processes and tools. . 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION In recent years, managers of for-profit private organisations have been under considerable market pressures to re-orient the strategies, operations and business models of their organisations. In a response to these pressures, the organisational structures of these organisations have been steadily re-engineered from mechanistic, rigid and closed system-oriented to a more organic, flexible and open sy stem-oriented (Gomes, Yasin Lisboa, 2008: 573-585). 4 Most managers focus on how the project methodology can adapt to it’s organisational context, however, in doing so, they sacrifice the flexibility and dynamism of the project approach for the bureaucratic, control-based view of functional organisations (Thiry, 2006:22) The questions to be addressed in this study are as follows: †¢ How does the organisational structure affect the project manager’s effectiveness? †¢ To what degree is the effectiveness of the organisational structure sabotaged by the human factor? †¢ Which organisational structures are best suited for project management? 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY . 4. 1 Primary objective The purpose of this study is to verify whether organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a project manager. 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study The following theoretical objectives were established in order to support the primary objective. †¢ Conducting management. †¢ Conducting a literatu re study on factors of influence in project management. †¢ Reviewing organisational structure models commonly employed by companies in the project management environment. †¢ Contrasting the literature studied with observations in the industry in practice. 1. 4. Empirical objectives The following empirical objectives were formulated in support of the primary and theoretical objectives. †¢ Identifying key elements of influence on project management success. a literature study on organisational structures in project 5 †¢ Identifying organisational structures employed by companies to ensure support project management. 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 1. 5. 1 Literature review Published material in the form of books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, government publications and the Internet formed part of establishing a well-informed theoretical background. . 5. 2 Target population The population was restricted to companies in the Western Cape Province, for economic reasons; as most companies are within easy reach. The population comprised project management practitioners. For the purpose of this study, project management practitioners are persons practising project management, who are given the responsibility and accountability for implementing projects in an organisation. In industry, the title varies from company to company. The commonly used titles are Project Supervisor and Project Manager. The companies to be included in the study must be practising project The companies must have a formal project management for more than five years. management structure in place. It is anticipated that many companies may not be keen to share information on this subject. Therefore, to increase the probability of reaching the required sample size, organisations in the entire province were chosen. 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling A combination of convenience and judgement sampling was used, in light of the geographical dispersion of the organisations. Care was taken to include a broad variety of project management practitioners. The organisations were grouped according to industries. In the absence of previous research, a minimum sample size of one hundred project management practitioners will be chosen for the study. The sample size has been determined on the basis of the cost of the exercise and accessibility to the various companies. 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection The survey method will be used. A personal interview using a structured questionnaire will be used to obtain the required information. This method was chosen as it is simple and allows for clarity of questions. 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used for the initial analysis. The MoonStats package will be used for data analysis. Cross-tabulation and correlation will be used to establish simple relationships between the organisational structure and it’s effects on project management in the business. 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review An overview is provided of strategies, strategic business levels ad their relationship to each other. This chapter concentrates on organisational structures, competencies and the dynamics of project management. It also explores the need for strategic organisational decisions to further support project management objectives. structures are also highlighted. Different organisational 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology The emphasis of this chapter is on the design of the research, the measuring instruments and population target. employed are outlined. The data analysis procedure and the statistical techniques 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Results and Findings In this chapter data is analysed, interpreted and evaluated. 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations The recommendations emanating from the study are suggested. limitations of the research are highlighted. The benefits and 1. 7 SYNOPSIS This paper is primarily addressed at the decision makers about project management in an organisation. In the arenas of business and management, the principles of project man agement are relatively simple and much of it actually common sense. However, this paper aims to confirm that the implementation and acceptance thereof, in a functionallyonly structured organisation, is quite a complex process. The paper’s prime purpose is herefore to highlight, that after the decision to implement project management is made, a number of not so obvious implications for the organisation, as well as structural, organisational culture and systems changes, have to be thoroughly managed to ensure success. In this chapter the background and scope of research are described. The Research objectives are utilized in an effort to address the research problem. In the next chapter the literature used as background for this study, will be discussed, while the different levels of project management organisational structures and how they are interrelated will be outlined. REFERENCES Cleland, D. , Gareis, R. 2006. Global project management handbook: Planning, McGraw-Hill Organ izing and Controlling International Projects, Second Edition. Professional. Project Management Institute. 2004. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge – 3rd edition. Pennsylvania: PMI Publications. Burke, R. 2007. Project management Techniques college edition. South Africa; Burke Publishing. Gido, J. and Clements, J. P. 2003. Successful Project Management – Second Edition. USA. South-Western. Kerzner, H. 2006. Project Management – Ninth Edition, A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley Sons. Sandhu, M. A. and Gunasekaran, A. 2004. Business process development in projectbased industry. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 10 No. 6:673-690. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Box, S. and Platts, K. 2005. Business process management: establishing and maintaining project alignment. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 11 No. 4:370-387. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Palmer, M. 2002. How an effective project culture can help to achieve business success: establishing a project culture in Kimberley-Clark Europe. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 34. Number 3:101-105. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Czuchry, A. J. and Yasin, M. M. 2003. Managing the project management process. Industrial Management and Data Systems. 103/1 :39-46. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 9 Rees, W. D. and Porter, C. 2004. Matrix structures and the training implications. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 36. Number 5:189–193. Emerald Group Publishing Limited  · ISSN 0019-:189-193 Gomes, C. F. , Yasin, M. M. and Lisboa, J. V. 2008. Project management in the context of organizational change. International Journal of Public Sector Management. Vol. 21 No. 6:573-585. Tata, J. 2000. Autonomous work teams: an examination of cultural and structural constraints. Work Study. Volume 49. Number 5:187-193. MCB University Press. Rowlinson, S. 2001. Matrix organizational structure, culture and commitment: a Hong Kong public sector case study of change. Construction Management and Economics. 19, 669-673. Spon Press. Brown, C. J. and Botha, M. C. 2005. Lessons learnt on implementing project management in a functionally-only structured South African municipality. South African Journal of Business Management. 36(4):1-7 Cheng, M. Su, C. and You, H. 2003. Optimal Project Organizational Structure for Construction Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. January/February:70-79. Brown, C. J. 2008. A comprehensive organisational model for the effective management of project management. South African Journal of Business Management. 39(3):1-8. Kennedy, D. A. and Marx, T. 2009. Going Against Traditional Wisdom: Running Proj ects in a Functional Structure. Proceedings of the 2009 Industrial Engineering Research Conference. 368-373. Thiry, M. 2006. The Matrix Evolves. PM Network. Apr. 20,4:22. Eve, A. 2007. Development of project management systems. Industrial and Commercial Training. Vol. 39. No. 2:85-90. 10 Questionnaire For each planning product written, please mark the most suitable answer referring to the projects you were recently involved in, according to the following scale: 54321ABThe product is always obtained The product is quite frequently obtained The product is frequently obtained The product is seldom obtained The product is hardly ever obtained The product is irrelevant to the projects I am involved in I do not know whether the product is obtained Please choose between 1-5 and A or B. Part A – Project Planning Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 1. Project Plan 2. Project Deliverables 3. WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Chart 4. Project Activities 5. PERT or Gantt Chart 6. Activity Duration Estimate 7. Activity Start and End Dates 8. Activity Required Resources 9. Resource Cost 10. Time-phased Budget 11. Quality Management Plan 12. Role and Responsibility Assignments 13. Project Staff Assignments 14. Communications Management Plan 15. Risk Management Plan 16. Procurement Management Plan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 11 Part B – Organisational Support Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 17. Project-Based Organisation 18. Extent of Existence of Projects’ Procedures 19. Appropriate Project Manager Assignment 20. Extent of Refreshing Project Procedures 21. Extent of Involvement of the Project Manager during Initiation Stage 22. Extent of Communication between the Project Manager and the Organisation during the Planning Phase 23. Extent of Existence of Project Success Measurement 24. Extent of Supportive Project Organisational Structure 25. Extent of Existence of Interactive InterDepartmental Project Planning Groups 26. Extent of Organisational Projects Resource Planning 27. Extent of Organisational Projects Risk Management 28. Extent of Organisational Projects Quality Management 29. Extent of On Going Project Management Training Programs 30. Extent of Use of Standard Project Management Software (e. . Ms-Project) 31. Extent of Use of New Project Tools and Techniques 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A B B B B B B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics a. Organisation type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? (2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Government ? (3) Production ? (6) Maintenance ? (9) Other: ______ b. Project type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? 2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Aeronautics ? (3) Electronics ? (6) Mechanics ? (9) Other: _____ c. Evaluate the following indexes in the scale of 1 to 10 (1-low, 10-high): Index Low High Quality of planning of project you are involved in Project performance at the end of the projects Customer satisfaction at the end of the projects Risk level at the beginning of the project 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d. Your personal involvement in projects: ? Project Manager ? Project Team Member ? Other: _______ 13 How to cite What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project, Essay examples

Principles Of Management and Trade Agreements †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Principles Of Management and Trade Agreements. Answer: Free trade agreement is a proven way to open up foreign market through trade agreements. Trade agreements therefore reduce the barrier in export and import of goods. The reduction of the trade barrier and creation of more stable and transparent environment is of great benefit for the economy. A free trade agreement in other words has helped Australian business to grow in an effective manner. These trade agreements are helping in expanding export market for Australia, they reduce the imported input cost, helps Australian in making oversea investments and they attract oversea investors (Free trade agreement. 2017). With lots of barriers to Australian product and services falling abroad, there is an increase in awareness of goods and services. In such a diversified business scenario, the opportunities are growing in the oversea market. In order to prepare businesses to face challenges it is a better idea to update the business plan. Imports of goods and services to Australia under the free trade agreement will create challenges for the local business. The oversea business gain interest in the local business for the purpose of making investments. The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement negotiations is a trade agreement in between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, New Zealand, Singapore, the United States and Vietnam. The negotiations were successfully completed on 6 October 2015. The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement is a local free trade agreement for increasing an extraordinary capacity and aspiration. These trade agreements have a potential to compel job-creating expansion in the Australian economy. The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement results comprise of a new market right of entry for Australian exporters of goods and services. These trade agreements have a potential for the investors in addition to the Australias accessible free trade agreements. The TPP helps in creating new job opportunities create new openings and supply an additional expected and translucent authoritarian atmosphere (Fergusson, 2010). The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement helps in establishing a more faultless trade and investment environment transversely in 12 countries through commonly-agreed rules. These set of rules and guidelines ensures precision of laws and policy. The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement provides a greater certainty for businesses and reduces costs and red tape. They have ensured a consistent participation in regional supply chains. The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement permits other members to connect in the future (Dhar, 2015). This will allow business to attain huge benef its in future. Australia is dedicated to expand the trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement membership over time. The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement deal with modern trade disputes in an effective way. They are following efficient techniques like obligation on state-owned enterprises in order to promote competition, trade and investment. This has also enabled Australian exporters to struggle with the international business organizations (Petri, Plummer and Zhai, 2012). Meanwhile a number of global; health professional, internet freedom activist, environmentalist and various trade unions have criticized and protested against the treaty. It is due to the level of secrecy maintained during the negotiation. The agreements vast scope and controversial clauses drafts were leaked among public. There were mixed reviews from people around the world who called the agreement a fundamentally flawed document. According to Alfred de Zayas the trade agreement was based on an outdated model. According to him the trade agreement were causing binding legal obligations on countries, together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. As per Alfred de Zayas trade is obliged to be done underneath the human rights system. Under the trade agreement the investor can sue the government but there government cannot sue the investor. This has created an asymmetry in the overall existenc e of the document. There was lack of accountability and transparency in the document that has created imbalance. The US President Donald Trump has argued that the document is very lengthy and complicated. TPP is much more than a free trade agreement. There have been debates regarding the complexity of the document and various lengthy clauses. It has created difficulty for an individual to understand the relevancy of the document. The length of the document is 5600 pages. It is difficult for an individual to go through every single clause. This has created disparities in understanding the document with the clarity (Muntaner and Mahabir, 2016). There has been criticism regarding the disproportionate pressure on the US trade negotiator. It is seen that there was huge pressure on establishing policies in their favor. The industry representative forms to be a large part to the total membership. An extreme pressure was made by the superior countries was a major reason behind the controversy. It has created a disturbance in the implementation of policies on the ground of reliability (Petri and Plummer, 2016). There were debate regarding the non-compete clause. This was to ensure that the trade secrets are well protected by the government from criminal offence. There were questions on the credibility of the document that may cause problem in delivering effective results to the opponent. The TPP has faced critical reviews from the political and linguistic activist Noam Chomsky who argued that the agreement is designed to carry forward the neoliberal projects to increase the profit domination and to set the working people in competition. This will generate lower wages for the labor worldwide. The trade agreement will cause devastation of working families. There were arguments that the trade agreement will cause a creative destruction. It was argued that few jobs will be lost causing a huge setback for the local workers. The business organizations will go out of business which requires transition assistance for the displaced workers. The arguments regarding the loss of jobs in the local marke t has questioned the document. The world trade agreement does not have labor and environmental standards. The key benefits in term of negotiation are a free access for the sensitive products like sugar and apparel in the US, there will right amount of intellectual property protection in the term of data, privacy etc, commercial standards for the state owned enterprise and the efficient labor practice in Malaysia with respect to anti-China preferences (Why Is The TPP So Controversial? 2017). According to the research a country with a more protected economy is likely to get benefit. So Vietnam and Japan are likely to attain benefit from the treaty. The Vietnamese economy will gain benefit due to external competition. Japan will receive a benefit due to agricultural and service sector. It is more likely that the free market economies will have the smallest gain. Economies like Singapore New Zealand and Australia are likely to gain a little against the other countries the most competitive firms in the industry will gain the benefit from the access of export market (The pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership pact. 2017) It is highly expected that the treaty will unify the set of rules and regulation for the state owned enterprises, intellectual property rights and labor and environmental standards. The document will act as a model for the future trade agreements. It is seem as a modern document to implement the common standards across the state. This will ensure protection of foreign investment and intellectual property right. The huge difference in the terms of economies structure and competitiveness has created disparities. The countries do need restructuring in terms of economic development. The broads goal of TPP is to create a trade and investment bloc that covers approximately 40 percent of the world economy. The hope is to remove the trade and investment barrier in order to regularize the trade agreement. The removal of trade barriers will entice the countries to form trade relationship. The full implementation of the document requires a considerable amount of time. The trans-Pacific Partners hip Agreement will help in establishing a more faultless trade and investment environment transversely in 12 countries through commonly-agreed rules. It is the first kind of document in the history that has created awareness. Meanwhile the partners are closely analyzing the document in order to understand the relevancy in todays global competitive scenario (Williams, 2013). To conclude the trade agreement is necessary for a country to establish contractual relations in order to attain growth. The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement has helped in creating a free-trade environment to attain utmost benefits. The main purpose of the document is to generate opportunities in the 12 countries. This will ensure growth and prosperity in a long run. It is critically argued whether the document hold importance in current preview. It is more likely to observe that the more protected economy is likely to get more benefit than the free market economies. Hence it is clear that the document is more beneficial for the different economies. References Dhar, B., 2015. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement.Economic Political Weekly,50(24), p.13. Fergusson, I.F., 2010.Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. DIANE Publishing. Free trade agreement. 2017. Online. Available at: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/pages/trade-agreements.aspx Accessed on: 8 May 2017 KRIST, W., Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Muntaner, C. and Mahabir, D.F., 2016. Just Say No to the TPP: A Democratic Setback for American and Asian Public Health; Comment on The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is It Everything We Feared for Health?.International Journal of Health Policy and Management. Petri, P.A. and Plummer, M.G., 2012. The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Asia-Pacific Integration: Policy Implications. Petri, P.A. and Plummer, M.G., 2016. The economic effects of the Trans-Pacific Partnership: New estimates. Petri, P.A., Plummer, M.G. and Zhai, F., 2012.The Trans-pacific partnership and Asia-pacific integration: A quantitative Assessment(Vol. 98). Peterson Institute. The pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership pact. 2017. Online. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/the-pros-and-cons-of-the-trans-pacific-partnership-pact/a-18597149 Accessed on: 8 May 2017 The trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, 2017. Online. Available at: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/tpp/Pages/trans-pacific-partnership-agreement-tpp.aspx Accessed on: 8 May 2017 Why Is The TPP So Controversial?2017. Online. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/10/27/why-is-the-tpp-so-controversial/#54e8b4745eb3 Accessed on: 8 May 2017 Williams, B.R., 2013. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) countries: comparative trade and economic analysis.

Luis Velez Torres Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Film, Fiction

Luis Velez Torres Intro to Theater through Film Play/Film Comparison Paper 10/18/2018 Hamlet: Play vs. Film Hamlet was initially written by Shakespeare as a play conveying a tragedy , b ut throughout the years it has been portrayed on many d ifferent occasions, as a motion picture. Both formats share similar scenes throughout the context of the original play for which the films were adapted. Three of these scenes are Hamlet's encounter with his fath er's ghost, Hamlet's murder of Polonius, and Ham let's last battle with Laretes. The first significant resemblance between the play and the film arises when Hamlet sees and meets with the ghost of his late, killed father. In Act I, scene V of the play, the ghost exclaims to Ham let: "Doomed for a certain term to walk the night and for the day confined to fas t in fires till the foul crimes done in my days of nature are burnt an d purged away." Similarly in the movie, this same sentiment fills Hamlet's mind with both grief and loathing for his uncle. The ghost makes an emotional petition for Hamlet to plot v engeance against Claudius. Hamlet responds with a promise to his father's ghos t, "Haste me to know't , that I, with wings as swift as meditation or the t houghts of love may sweep to my revenge." Another major contrast between the movie and the screenplay comes when Hamlet goes to challenge his mother about her connection in his fat her's passing and ends up assassinating Polonius. Gertrude, feeling Hamlet's repulsion for what she did , fears t hat he might kill her as well . . As seen in Act III , scene IV, she calls for the help of Polonius: "W hat wilt thou do? Thou wilt not murder me? Help, ho!" In the movie , Ge rtrude has an extremely concerned look on her face and as she calls for aid there is movement behind a giant curtain . This infuriates Hamlet even further be cause someone has eavesdropped on his doubts . Hamlet furiously walks up to the drape and swings his sw ord into it, seriously injuring Polonius. As compared to the play, the death of Polonius is revealed in the movie as Hamlet withdraws his sword from the t ape stry and a loud thump is heard as his body crashes in to the floor. The final key comparison between the film an d the play comes towards the end . A c ompetition has been arranged between Laretes and H amlet, but Claudius and Laretes both have hidden motivations . Both are collab orating to murder Hamlet without him knowing . In bot h the movie and the play Hamlet emerges as victorious the first two rounds and in the movie he shows a co cky attitude towards Laretes when calling him for the final round . Also in the movie Laretes i s assertive and excited to begin . Claudius and Laertes's plans fail and end up causing their own d eaths . Tragically , Hamlet also suffered a deathly blow. " O , I die, Horatio! The potent pois on quite o'ercrows my spirit" - Act V, scene II . Many assessments can be made between the theatrical and the motion picture versions of Hamlet . Three of these scenes are Hamlet's encounter with his father's gho st, Hamlet's killing of Polonius, and Hamlet's final battle wi th Laretes . All of these scenes are prime examples of the relationship between the play and the film .

Where Did Contemporary Liberal Feminism Come From †Womens Studies Essay

Where Did Contemporary Liberal Feminism Come From – Womens Studies Essay Free Online Research Papers Where Did Contemporary Liberal Feminism Come From Womens Studies Essay The systematic oppression of women, a tacit social dogma inherent in the history of western thought, was dependant upon the continued polarization of two stratifying spheres; one of women, who were regulated to the â€Å"private† sphere of the home and family and secondly, the communal, â€Å"social† patriarch which dominated over it. The division of human social life into public and private realms, and the demotion of women into the latter, is a principal source of women’s disadvantaged societal position. Conversely, advocates of the doctrine of separate spheres deem the public domain to be a place where the important business of society is conducted, while its frivolous and trivial pleasures are enjoyed within the private sphere. Hence, the ideology of sanctity and domestic bliss, which encompasses the realm assigned to women, worked to mask and condone male despotism in the home. It is that same ideology which inhibited women from entering into the workforce and becoming productive, competitive participants in the formal labour market. Consequently, this male dominance was reinforced by the nature of productio n in industrialized societies; however, the boundaries between private and public domains are not as rigid as its dichotomy seems to entail. They vary historically and geographically, indicative of Canada’s social and cultural stratification. The toil involved within the cultivation of new settlements, wherein the family serves as both a social and economic unit, blurred the division between the public and private spheres, both within the homes and within the minds of its residents. Black women specifically tended to work outside the home, due to a product of racism, as their husbands were unable to make enough money to support the family. Despite a respite of women’s active involvement throughout the course of the early 20th century, their achievements far exceeded what the suffragists had once envisaged. However, during the 1950s and 1960s women’s domestic obligations, as well as their self-images, remained practically the same while their activities altered s ignificantly. Not only had they retained their responsibilities for their families, simultaneously their participation in the paid labour force had increased. In part to this the women’s movement of the 1960s gained a new impetus towards social change, one which focused more on the destruction of the patriarchal rule rather than its ratification. Coupled with the adaptation of the feminist doctrine, the Canadian women’s movement of the 1960s resulted in increased legislative representation and a reconfiguration of the family dynamic. In the 1960s, no one expected the women’s movement to re-emerge. Due to their economic and political stability within a prosperous postwar Canada, women viewed any remaining predicaments they had as temporary disadvantages. Women were increasingly getting the education needed to ensure better-paying work. Consequently, public opinion regarding their right to work and to attain equal pay, which had been legally guaranteed since 1950, began to increase; even in Quebec women had been enfranchised for almost a generation. Even though there were still few women in the federal Parliament, the tradition of having one woman in the cabinet appeared secure, while local politicians like Ottawa Mayor Charlotte Whitton continued to be highly visible and vocal- often objecting to any particular concern for the status of women. When the women’s liberation movement first gained media attention late in the decade, first in France and then the United States, it was â€Å"part of a stud ent movement radicalized by racism and imperialism women were to be ‘liberated,’ like minorities and colonial dependencies†. (80) This reincarnation of feminism was merely interpreted as another, relatively insignificant part of an era of activism. In Canada, focus still remained on the problematic conceptualization of a unified linguistic-cultural nation. The question of national unity underscored many of the federal-provincial conferences and royal commissions. Hence, the student revolt was â€Å"late and muted and, like it, the ‘new’ women’s movement was seen as an American import†. (80) Despite this, there was general astonishment when feminism proved able to tap massive discontent among even the most privileged of women. Two sorts of grievances underlined the women’s movement in the 1960s. First, an old set, categorized by its feminist methodologies in earlier eras, which related to the areas where women were regarded as basically the same as men but were treated â€Å"in a different, disadvantageous manner, in effect excluded from men’s rights and privileges†. Hence, where the barriers were officially down and women were able to share in ‘male’ pioneered activities, they did it without receiving the compensations men came to expect. Feminists were to identify the underpinning of this construct through the concept of the ‘glass ceiling’: they could work for pay however, it would be less than their male counterparts received and as a result, it became unlikely for them to become successful through their own achievements. The second, new set of grievances related to women’s specific qualities and â€Å"characteristics that they had valued and thou ght society had appreciated insufficiently†. Those who had succeeded in the context of public life discovered that their actions were being governed by a domineering patriarchal construct. Consequently, women had to hide their feminine qualities, neglect or conceal their private lives, â€Å"and learn the â€Å"conflictual games [that their] mother never taught [them]†. However, women wanted to remain different without being underprivileged. Rather, they wanted recognition for their valuable qualities, along with security from their vulnerabilities in a male-dominated world. Women’s circumstances in relation to the combination of domestic responsibilities and paid labour crystallized the old and the new demands: â€Å"they were not compensated for their ‘double shift’ of paid and unpaid work, they were not protected against violence in or out of the home, and their socially valuable tasks of public and private nurturance were unrecognized.† These circumstances created individual dissatisfactions which, despite being felt by the individual, continued to be largely unvoiced. In the collective, the resulting grievances entailed a more enviable societyin which women were treated as equal but also one in which public life had underwent changes due to women’s active role within it. A society in which â€Å"women were equally influential would be one that took women’s preferences and experience seriously, and that was transformed by the result†. The fundamental conditions of Canadian women were shared by women throughout the industrialized world. This is indicative of why the revolt of the women students did not in fact subside in the early 1970s like the activities of the male-dominated organizations from which they detached. Moreover, Canada’s newly visible feminist activism inherited not only the current situation, but the goals of its predecessor groups. This occurred in part due to the surviv al of these constituent groups and their role in constructing a ‘second wave’ of feminism. However, this incarnation was not a ‘rebirth of feminism’. Feminist and women’s groups had not dissipated at the triumphant end of the suffrage campaigns. Rather, throughout the 20th century, women’s movements moved â€Å"with their customary energy to make use of the new instruments of influence for which they had fought so hard†. After enfranchisement, despite being engaged in fewer concentrated campaigns and having less exposure, women’s activities never ceased. Consequently, in the 1960s, with the emergence of new factions, the pace quickened and their visibility increased. Contemporary feminism, an incarnation of the student and civil rights movements of radical protest in the 1960s, was a dynamic, evolving, politically engaged movement. It was instrumental in effecting fundamental change in social practices and institutions. Feminism is â€Å"a theoretical project whose purposes are to understand the oppressive social practices that disadvantage women and to think innovatively about women’s possibilities†. Hence, its radicalism is reflective of the fact that it comes to distinction at points of critical change. It both â€Å"abets this change and envisages it with an imagination that goes beyond it†. Consequently, there is a close connection between feminist practice, which concentrates its effort on transforming social and material conditions, and feminist theory, which extends out of that practice and notifies it. Theory is â€Å"constantly modified by what it proves to be effective in practice, and practice is shaped by theo ry†. Hence, any separation between theory and practice enables the process of comparative analysis. Consequently, this account of shifting feminist theories within a Canadian context is intended to describe the theoretical framework in which the feminist philosophy has evolved in Canadian society. Feminist theorists begin from the realization that, in the context of a patriarchal society, men and women live different lives and consequently, have different experiences. There is an attempt to understand the power and privilege differential exhibited between men and women. By analyzing its origin, feminists are able to develop strategies to eradicate this paradigm, thus portraying the active nature of feminism itself: â€Å"the point of studying the situation of women is to work towards changing it†. However, contemporary feminist theorists differ in their identification of the principal element(s) of women’s oppression, in their designation of fundamental theoretic al questions, and in the strategies for change they create and enact. Despite being approached from different vantage points, differing feminist doctrines still shared many core themes. In particular, feminists endeavor to â€Å"understand how the social structuring of production, reproduction, sexuality, and socialization, in their shifting manifestation, have determined women’s conditions throughout history and across cultural, and racial barriers†. However, during the 1960s there was a shift in most forms of feminism, one from an earlier view of women as a caste, to an awareness of the differences amongst their individual experiences. The belief that there was a single, essential ‘women’s experience’, from which universal analytical categories can be developed, was abandoned. Differences in class, sexual practice, and race became primary focus for debate. Hence, contemporary feminism faced the task of accounting for significant variations of wome n and thus, discerning the common threads and themes inherent to these experiences which make them specifically women’s. It became â€Å"a matter of developing theoretical tools to understand the samenesses and differences in women’s lives: of acknowledging specificity and commonality†. Three contemporary feminist theories which evolved through the postwar women’s movement were Liberal feminism, Marxist and Socialist feminism, and Radical feminism; all adhere to a similar construct however, their methodologies differ in their execution and consequently demonstrate the feminist doctrine’s adaptation to women’s social, political, and economic progression. Against the background of classical liberal theory, contemporary liberal feminism is founded on the principle that it is a women’s right to enjoy the freedom and equality of opportunity attained by the autonomous individual. Hence, it is less of a theory of women’s oppression at the hands of patriarchy than it is a theory of human rights. This theory can be seen as the foundation of contemporary feminism, as it represents the overarching discontent which arose in postwar Canada. In the liberal-feminist view, sexual discrimination is unjust primarily because it deprives women of the equal right to pursue their own self-interest. Hence, liberal feminists â€Å"deplore the informal discrimination in assumptions, rooted in biological determinism†. It is this discrimination which denies women access to equal participation with men, who have occupations of high social status. Efforts which have aimed to free women from their dependant status, have garnered liberal fem inists some exposure. However, by retaining the ideological commitment that political decisions are created within the formal political process, they have been less meticulous than â€Å"socialist and radical feminists in their examination of the politics of daily life in the ‘private’ sphere and in their analyses of sexual power and privilege†. Despite a constant demand for women to be included equally within the existing public decision-making structures, liberal feminists still assumed that the structures themselves needed â€Å"no modifications beyond those effected by the inclusion of women on an equal basis†. Hence, they inevitably failed to recognize the strength of patriarchal capitalism in regards to its ability to maintain female subjugation. Due to liberal theory being confined to matters of social practice, in which women would have unlimited opportunity, it offers no indication as how access to that construct would be realized. Moreover, as w omen were expected to lead a double life, domestically and as part of the paid labour force, their autonomy would lead to an abandonment of domestic obligations. Liberal theory thus works with a model of society in which feminist change would simply require men to make more room within existing social structures for their female counterparts. However, due to these constructs being controlled by men, women continued to be governed by its rule. Consequently, another contemporary theory of feminism emerged, one in which responded to the inadequacies contained within the liberalist interpretation; the Marxist and Socialist theory. Marxist and Socialist feminists, in reaction to the liberal feminist’s doctrine, argued that there was in fact no need for political liberalism unless one can, not only achieve economic means, but also attain the power to enjoy it. Drawing upon a Marxist study of class oppression, social feminists argued that â€Å"the capitalist economic system oppresses women as a group, just as it oppresses the working class as a whole†. Within the context of a capitalist patriarch society women are subjected to other forms of oppression. First, women’s work is alienated labour; they own neither the means nor the production of their work. Second, in the labour force, women are commonly in positions which are subordinate to men, whose superiority is not necessarily always apparent. Hence, women are continually alienated from realizing their true potential. Third, women who work as housewives are even more at a disadvantage as they live their lives out of servitude. Consequentl y, their toil accords no material value and they are continually kept in seclusion from the ‘public’ world. Due to changing climate in postwar Canada, socialist feminists argued that women’s worth is apparent in both the public and private spheres. However, under capitalism, their labor within a domestic context is deemed worthless because it has no monetary exchange value, and â€Å"it is invisible in that public space where exchange value is established†. Circumstances such as these, led socialist feminists to promote programs of social changes, ones which would involve alternatives to capitalist modes of production and to the patriarchal construct of the family itself. Radical feminism, a manifestation of this doctrine, agreed with much of the socialist-feminist analysis of women’s disadvantaged social and economic position however, whereas material, social, and economic oppression were primary for socialist feminists, radical feminists believed that the subjugation of women was at the root of all other forms of oppression. Radical feminism was generated from the disillusionment created out of the politics of the New Left in North America, Britain, and France in the late 1960s. Particularly women in the United States who were advocating for equality during the civil rights movement â€Å"found themselves treated as subordinate members of organizations in which they were vigorously active†. Moreover, women realized that they were being exploited as sex objects, subordinates to their male co-workers. Consequently, â€Å"sexism, as manifested in patriarchal family arrangements, in gender stereotyping, pornography, wife and child abuse, and rape, became the focus of radical-feminist analysis†. Radical feminists argued that the ‘personal is political’, thereby demonstrating how patriarchal society constructs personal experiences and relations in ways which become disadvantageous to women. During the 1960s, the Canadian government declared that it had no place within the bedrooms o f the nation. Even though this was an improvement upon the view that society could deem through legislation what was sexually permissible between adults, it rendered â€Å"immune to public intervention such damaging and exploitive practices as rape and sexual abuse within marriage and the family†. These daily activities only served to perpetuate women’s oppression within the home, a place which was protected from political scrutiny by â€Å"an ideology of sanctity and privacy where the invisibility of women’s domestic and childrearing labour is maintained†. Prior to radical feminists exposing these problems, domestic violence was regarded as a private matter, one in which the law did not meddle in. Despite an evident systematic difference in power between men and women, one which is defined in part by men’s socially and legally control over women’s labour, it is this ideology that irrevocably places any domestic blame solely on the women. He nce, the radical feminists felt that such power relations needed to be overturned if women’s subjugation were to end. Postwar Canada saw a transition within the feminist doctrine. Despite emerging through different social, political, and economic spheres, contemporary feminism began its rise by inheriting the cause of its prior incarnations, advocating for equal representation and it evolved into a movement intent on developing a separate and self-centered women’s culture. When examining the changing patterns of Canadian women’s lives, it is imperative to look beyond the choices they made to the laws that, through time, have both constrained and liberated them. Historically, these laws have been created and governed by men, reflecting their assumptions about the ‘natural order’ of society. However, these suppositions began to change within the 20th century, most notably within the context of the welfare state. The welfare state cemented its foundation in Canada in the period following the end of the Second World War. It introduced government legislature into areas such as employment and income security, areas which were previously regarded as outside the scope of public policy. Women came to play a significant role in the welfare state that emerged. Due to its creation, the â€Å"boundaries of the public sphere widened and those of the private sphere narrowed†. However, the government appeared ignorant to its overall impact it would have on the lives of women. Consequently, a series of measures were passed to encourage women to continue their domestic responsibilities at home and to raise healthy ‘future workers’ for the rapidly expanding economy. Hence, relief measures were developed to assist needy single mothers, which became part of a universal program of benefits. The family-allowance program, one of the first in the federal government’s package of income-security measures, helped â€Å"to set the tone of the welfare state, underscoring the fact that the welfare state was not just a set of services, but also a set of ideas about society, about the family, and about women, who have a centrally important role within the family, as its linchpin†. Canada needed workers to fill the increasing amount of available jobs hence, at this time, women were still encouraged to remain domestic, a concept which echoed in the governments legislation. The language of â€Å"social purity and morality, which dominated legislative discussions about women’s roles in the early 1900s, was replaced by language of healthy babies, strong soldiers, and better works†. Consequently, the need for more workers also led to the greater possibility that women themselves could fill those roles. In the egalitarian spirit of the post-war years, the government gradually adopted some equal-rights legislation for its female citizens. Most employees were under provincial jurisdiction hence, there were a series of legislative initiatives, created in the 1950s, which aimed at improving equal opportunity for women at work. In 1951, beginning in Ontario and culminating in Newfoundland in 1971, the provincial governments passed equal-pay legalization, which was generally worded to â€Å"guarantee women and men in both public and private sectors the same pay for similar or essentially similar jobs†. However, these initiatives were too weak in their execution to have a desire d effect, since the paid labour force was highly segregated by gender and continued to be dominated by men. In 1954 the federal government attempted to ratify this situation by establishing the Women’s Bureau in the federal Department of Labour. The government knew very little about women in the paid labour force hence, the bureau was â€Å"designed to promote a wider understanding of problems preculiar to women workers and the employment of women, to help women make a more effective contribution to the development of Canada†. It played a vital role in preparing the federal equal-pay legistlation which was introduced in 1956. However, the legislation was flawed as it only applied to federal works of businesses, or â€Å"corporations performing work on behalf of the government, limiting equal pay to indentical or substantially identical work†. In spite of these limitations, the federal and earlier provincial equal-pay laws were important milestones in the legislative history of women’s rights. Two events in the 1970s furthered this legislative evolution: maternit y leave provisions, which became part of the Canada Labour Code, and the Report of the Royal Commission on the status was women was published. Even though the Report was not implemented in its entirety, it still was influential in the development of a new view of women by the Canadian legislatures. With the introduction of maternity-leave provisions, the socially constructed role of the domestic female began to disintegrate. This legislation was significant in that it was national, stating that â€Å"the employment cost of child-bearing, although not child care, was a community responsibility rather than an individual woman’s burden†. These early equal-opportunity laws were founded on the philosophy that prejudice against women in the labour force was a human relations problem. This philosophy carried over into the 1970s in the form of government regulated affirmative action programs. These would remove the discrimination factor and increase women’s access to jo bs formerly held primarily by men. Today affirmative action has been embraced by both levels of government, as it affirms that women and men should be treated equally. Consequently, it improved women’s access to the public sphere. However, the pace has continued to be quite slow. Women’s concerns continue to be low on the government’s priority list. Throughout this process women have been forced to represent themselves in the patriarchal public sphere, while continuously ensuring that their domestic roles were sustained. Consequently, the dynamic of the family compact, and the role of the mother itself, underwent a drastic transformation. Understanding the family dynamic and the changes inherent in its representations is fundamental to understanding the position of women in Canada. Three essential changes that have occurred in the Canadian family since the post-war era were the decrease in family size and the increase in marital dissolution through divorce, an increase in labour-force participation of married women and mothers and separation. These â€Å"trends are not independent of one another, but intertwined, and have been accompanied by large scale socio-economic changes†. The post-war years produced a group of disgruntled and aggravated full-time mothers, who followed social expectations but felt unrewarded and subdued. Moreover, the cost of raising a family proved too difficult for single mothers. The convergence of women’s growing dissatisfaction with their socially prescribed roles and economic problems resulted in low levels of childbearing. The declining birth rate and the emergence of smalle r families was often argued to be the result of women’s enhanced reproductive choice. However, some women have decided to postpone or opt out of childbearing, many â€Å"continued to face unwanted pregnancy, most notable the poor, young, immigrant, differently abled, and physically and mentally abused women†. Women’s changing work-force patterns brought about and accompanied changes in the family structure. The increased work-force contribution of married women both â€Å"reinforced and undermined the idea that marriage may be women’s best economic option†. Moreover, the notion of marriage itself also led to a shift in the family dynamic. During the post-war era women were, by law, under the control of their husbands and families. Consequently, their options and rights were limited and any money earned was considered to be their husbands’. However, the more women decided to work outside the household, the consideration of their earnings and property came into question. While women continually search for and find work, coupled with the possibility of their husbands’ unemployment, the traditional roles within the family inherently change. Moreover, women’s increased participation in the work-force also highlighted the notion of child care. Child care was considered the private responsibility of the individual family. Hence, the Canadian family was viewed as self-contained, responsibly for itself and its children. Inadequat child-care facilities presuppose that it is the mother’s responsibility to care completely for he own children. Ireccovably, many women were forced with the untenable position of having to choose a family or a career, but not both. It was not until the creation of adequate child-care facilities through the legislative process during the 1960s and 1970s that this pressure was somewhat alleviated. Last, the increased rates of marital dissolution created a fundamental change within th e Canadian family, one which accounts for the dramatic increase in single-parent families. The increased divorce rates were often equated with an escalation of marital unhappiness, placing blame on women’s evolving roles within the public sphere. However, through divorce, women became evermore disadvantaged at the hands of a patriarchal society. They had a lower probability than divorced men of remarrying. Furthermore, the women had the responsibility for the children of the dissolved marriage, which had an affect on their prospects of remarriage. The most profound difference between the divorce experience of men and women was concentrated in their altered financial circumstances. Fewer than 5% of women received alimony after their divorce. Due to childcare responsibilities, â€Å"limited daycare facilties, limited job opportunities and, a;; too often , inadequate or non-existent child support, divorced women often found themselves among the ranks of the poor†. Hence, the government introduced divorce reforms which intended to make divorce more equitable and fair. However, although it seemed egalitarian, it still overlooked women’s real wage and job prospects, as well as the requirement and expense of continued child care. Despite these ratifications the role of the mother continues to be one which requires an adherence to patriarchal rule, one which is appears intent on maintaining its power structure at the hands of women’s continued efforts. In part, the women’s movement of the 1960s strove to create social awareness and representation amongst the legislative government. The evolution of the feminist doctrine awarded the women’s movement to attack their social restrictions through a variety of different social, economic, and political facets. Since the postwar era women have undertaken an active assault on patriarchal rule. By means of its own structures, women were able to infiltrate and implement change within a male dominated public sphere. Fixes assumptions about female nature have only had negative affects on women, ones which emerged in all aspects of their lives, influencing their physical, psychological, and social well-being. Despite women’s new found complacency, there continues to be a tangible and psychological barrier which separates men and women. Even as women claim the right and display their capacity to participate in the public domain, â€Å"the ideology of the sanctity if the priv ate domain is constantly re-invoked to thwart their efforts and restrict their freedom†. 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Indefinite Pronouns of Spanish

Indefinite Pronouns of Spanish Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing. The list below indicates which pronouns these are in both English and Spanish. In Spanish as in English, most of the words used as indefinite pronouns sometimes function as other parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as adverbs. In Spanish, some of the indefinite pronouns exist in both masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and plural forms, so they must agree with the nouns they refer to. Here are the indefinite pronouns of Spanish with examples of their use: alguien - someone, somebody, anyone, anybody - Necesito a alguien que pueda escribir. (I need someone who can write.)  ¿Me llamà ³ alguien? (Did anybody call me?) algo - something - Veo algo grande y blanco. (I see something big and white.)  ¿Aprendiste algo esta tarde? (Did you learn something this afternoon?) alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas - one, some (things or people) - Puedes suscribirte a alguno de nuestros servicios. (You can subscribe to one of our services.)  ¿Quieres alguno ms? (Do you want one more?) Voy a estudiar con algunas de las madres. (Im going to study with some of the mothers.) Algunos quieren salir. (Some want to leave.) cualquiera - anybody, anyone - Cualquiera puede tocar la guitarra. (Anyone can play the guitar.) - The plural form, cualesquiera, is seldom used. mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas - much, many - Me queda mucho por hacer. (I have much left to do.) La escuela tiene mucho que ofrecer. (The school has much to offer.) Somos muchos. (There are many of us. Literally, we are many.) nada - nothing - Nada me parece cierto. (Nothing seems certain to me.) No tengo nada. (I have nothing.) - Note that when nada follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form, making a double negative. nadie - nobody, no one - Nadie me cree. (Nobody believes me.) No conozco a nadie. (I know nobody.) - Note that when nadie follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form, making a double negative. ninguno, ninguna - none, nobody, no one - Ninguna de ellas va al parque. (None of them are going to the park.) No conozco a ninguno. (I know nobody. - Note that when ninguno follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form. Plural forms (ningunos and ningunas) exist but are seldom used. otro, otra, otros, otras - another, other one, another one, other ones, others - Quiero otro. (I want another one.) Los otros van al parque. (The others are going to the park.) - Un otro and una otra are not used for another one. Otros and the related pronouns can be combined with a definite article (el, la, los or las) as in the second example. poco, poca, pocos, pocas - little, little bit, few, a few - Tengo un poco de miedo. (I have a little bit of fear.) Pocos van al parque. (A few are going to the park.) todo, toda, todos, todas - everything, all, everyone - Èl comià ³ todo. (He ate everything.) Todos van al parque. (All are going to the park.) - In singular form, todo exists only in the neuter (todo). uno, una, unos, unas - one, some - Uno no puede creer sin hacer. (One cannot believe without doing.) Unos quieren ganar ms. (Some want to earn more.) Comà ­ uno y desechà © el otro. (I ate one and threw away the other.) - Uno and its variations are often used in conjunction with forms of otro, as in the third example. Although some different pronouns are translated the same into English, they arent necessarily interchangeable. Explaining some of the subtle differences in usage is beyond the scope of this lesson. In many cases, the pronouns can be translated in more than one way into English; you must rely on context in those cases to convey the meaning.

East Asia Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

East Asia Past and Present - Essay Example The membership has expanded to ten countries that include Laos, Burma, Cambodia, Brunei and Vietnam. East Asia had experienced decades of internal conflicts and economic depression, but the formation of ASEAN enabled sub-regional cooperation and trade liberalization (Borthwick 71). The main three pillars include economic growth and cooperation, social progress, and political-security. The model of security and stability in the region attained high success and ASEAN started playing a major security role in even beyond Southeast Asia. The security matters in Southeast Asian countries encompass various political, economic, social, cultural and military dimensions and ASEAN has utilized regional cooperation in order to further peaceful external environment and allow the member states to concentrate on their domestic development priorities (Borthwick 29). ASEAN was a focus of rivalry and competition between the US and Soviet Union, but ASEAN preferred regional solutions by declaring the r egion as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality in 1995 (Holcombe 241). ASEAN rise to greater importance in East Asia affairs has been facilitated by the ASEAN Free Trade Area that aims at enhancing the competitive advantage of local manufacturing. The region has signed free trade agreements with China, Japan, Australia and India that aim boosting economic growth in the community. The free trade agreements have led to consistent growth in member states GDP by between 4 percent to 7 percent since the end of Cold War. The region has benefited from technology transfer and e-commerce evolution since member states like Malaysia and Singapore account for more than 50 percent of e-commerce transactions in the entire region (Borthwick 81). The economic community is committed to equitable economic development and integration with the global economy as demonstrated by the consistent reduction in import duties (Borthwick 112). ASEAN member states

Early Modern American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Early Modern American History - Essay Example In the 1840s, there was an explosive development in technology and networks infrastructures and communication, the telegrams, post offices and the printing industry. This paper provides an insightful analysis of the key economic and their significance in the early America republic. Economic modernization gained momentum with the increase in cotton crop, which was very profitable in the south region, as well as the textile, and machine making industry to the north region2. The transport infrastructure developed greatly which facilitate the development of other sector especially the economy. There were also many visitors who came from the Europe, which increased the number of the immigrants who settled in the country. The immigrants also played a major role in the economy establishment of the Early America. There was a civil war in the 1850s because of crisis over slavery despite the Whigs warning that annexation of Texas would lead to this. Evidently, the economy was the key factor in the development of the early American republic, in this paper the key trading activities have been highlighted and how they benefited the republic. Economic development is always one of the major factors for the growth of any nation. Even in the early nations, this factor played an important role in one way or another to the development of the nation. This is the major source of revenue for most countries, the revenue is in turn used to develop other sectors especially the infrastructure. The early America republic had really suffered after the war, with so many of its infrastructure destroyed during the war. In 1789, George Washington was elected the first president set a government structure which had various departments like treasury, treasury and war3. The government was very quick to reestablish its financial state and rapidly all the war debts that it had. It did this trough the new tariffs and taxes. Economic activities throughout the American

Speech Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Speech Analysis Paper Essay The first speech I watched was â€Å"Falling Slowly† winning Best Original Song Oscar. From the beginning you could tell that Glen Hansard was very pleased and very sincere about the award and you could tell that it meant a lot to him throughout his speech. The speech was very brief and he was very thankful. I liked how he expressed how they put the movie together and how he never thought they would be standing there receiving an Oscar because it just shows that it doesn’t take a lot to achieve your dreams. The only thing I wish he would have done was name the people he wanted to thank instead of generalizing it because then it doesn’t seem personal. The next speech I watched was â€Å"Tom Hanks winning an Oscar for â€Å"Forrest Gump†Ã¢â‚¬ . I loved how Tom Hanks acknowledged the other nominees and said that the others deserved the award as much as he did. I thought that was sincere and respectful of the others who were nominated for the Oscar. I liked the way he acknowledged those who were a part of making the film and what he said was very meaningful and you could tell it meant a lot to him because of the emotional appeal he gave off. It just showed how much he enjoyed working with the other actors in making the film and how it impacted his life and his ability as an actor. When he thanked his wife he did it in a very sincere and loving way and I thought that was very nice. I thought the metaphor he used to describe how he felt in the moment was a good way to stray away from his emotions a little bit because you could tell that he was trying to fight his emotions throughout the speech. What he said at the end made his entire speech so grasping because he was so grateful and thankful to have received that award. I couldn’t tell if his speech was manuscript or impromptu, but either way I think his speech was great. It was brief and I think he expressed his emotions in a way where it was evident that it was truly a blessing to have received that award. See more: how to write an analysis paper The next speech I watched was â€Å"Adele-54 Grammy’s on CBS: Album of the Year†. When she started to thank everyone who was a part of making that award possible for her I liked how she acknowledged them and then explained specific ways they have helped her to improve and become the artist she is. In my opinion it seemed like she was rambling a little bit when she was talking about the inspiration for her album only because she switched  subjects from thank yous to her album and then thank yous again so I think she just got lost in what she was saying at that point. However, I think it was appropriate to share what the inspiration of her album was because of the award she received. The interruption of the snot was funny and that kind of gave off her personality so it made her personable. Her speech was brief, relatable, and sincere. Next I watched was â€Å"Anne Hathaway winning Best Supporting Actress†. For starters, Christopher Plummer did an excellent job in presenting this award. I like how he acknowledged the fact that all of the women who were nominated had been acting since they were little and they have persevered throughout the years to be where they are today. Anne Hathaway seemed nervous when she did her speech, but maybe it was excitement. I liked the fact that she thanked everyone individually because it made it very personal to each individual she thanked, but as her speech progressed she acknowledged every single person in every group she recognized and I think it became too much although it was a nice thing to do. The reference to the movie at the end of her speech I felt was a good way to close her speech. It gave credit to the movie she played in and gave a sense of her character in the movie which is what she received the award for. Overall her speech was brief, sincere, and she accepted the award graciously. The final speech I watched was â€Å"Meryl Streep winning Best Actress†. In the beginning of the speech she seemed a little cocky because of what she said. I feel like acknowledging or implying the fact that you have won many times is inappropriate and disrespectful to others who were nominated and that just showed the kind of person she comes off as and it wasn’t a good impression. When she started thanking people I was annoyed of how much information she gave about their relationships. It was like she was telling her life stories with them and it was too much information. Aside from that the rest of her speech was very sincere and loving because of the emotion she had when she began to talk about the friendships she made and the experiences she’s had with making movies with different people.

Circadian Rhythms Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tomas Izquierdo has not slept since 1945. Due to an attack of encephalitis, an inner brain inflammation, his ability to fall asleep was lost at the age of 13. Although he rests with his eyes closed, his brain patterns are those of someone who is fully awake and aware. He has memory problems and very sensitive eyes, but is otherwise completely normal. To relax, he usually uses transcendental meditation from about three or four AM until the morning (Coleman 94).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tomas Izquierdo is what one might call someone without circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are the daily sleep patterns of humans. Circadian rhythms tell people when they are most alert, when they feel tired, and when they should wake up. These circadian rhythms, while difficult to research, are important to many industries, as well as a multitude of sleep disorder patients. For several years, scientists and doctors have been seeking a greater understanding of these patterns through constant, difficult, and fast paced research. The applications of such knowledge would be quite beneficial in shift based industries as well as some special circumstances. As of yet, doctors have been able to determine a few important correlations between internal time cues and sleep, activities or events that give cues to the brain about what time it is or should be. However, the research is very difficult.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researching sleep is difficult for a variety of reasons. The first reason for difficulty is the nature of experimentation. To truly isolate the sleep patterns, all time-giving cues, or zietgebers, have to be eliminated. Light, electromagnetic waves, the schedules of researchers, and even the growth of a facial hair on outsiders may lead the subject to guess the time of day. The body can detect even the faintest cues of time, so it is incredibly important that the subject be completely shut off from time giving cues. If the subject of the research knows the time of day, he or she may adjust accordingly, skewing results and making it all but impossible to collect the data needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason for the difficulty of sleep research is the pace of discovery. The field moves too fast for its own good. As a result, no comprehensive beginner’s text is available in the field of circadian rhythms. By the time... ... a part of their brain known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN, gets smaller. The SCN is the primary pacemaker for most circadian functions in the brain. It is responsible for the production of the sleep hormone melatonin. As the SCN decreases in size, less melatonin is produced, causing a shift in sleep patterns. The drop in melatonin, just as in SAD patients, can cause restlessness. In order to counteract this melatonin loss, many of the elderly sit in front of light boxes, just like the SAD patients, at the end of the day for a few hours (Center for Biological).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Circadian rhythms are part of the daily lives of humans. They cue our levels of alertness, our need for sleep, and our time of waking. To better understand these rhythms, scientists from around the globe have participated in difficult research for years. As of yet, the research shows that light, hormones, exercise, age, and a variety of other factors are important in determining circadian rhythms. Perhaps in the future, scientists will be able to manipulate circadian rhythms so that people no longer feel fatigue. By then, maybe Tomas Izquierdo could finally get some long overdue sleep.

Mobley Turnover Model

oblJournal of Applied Psychology 1977, Vol. 62, No. 2, 237-240 Intermediate Linkages in the Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover William H. Mobley University of South Carolina The relationship between job satisfaction and turnover is significant and consistent, but not particularly strong. A more complete understanding of the psychology of the withdrawal decision process requires investigation beyond the replication of the satisfaction-turnover relationship.Toward this end, a heuristic model of the employee withdrawal decision process, which identifies possible intermediate linkages in the satisfaction-turnover relationship, is presented. Previous studies relevant to the hypothesized linkages are cited, and possible avenues of research are suggested. A schematic representation of the withdrawal decision process is presented in Figure 1. Block A represents the process of evaluating one's existing job, while Block B represents the resultant emotional state of som e degree of satisfaction-dissatisfaction.A number of models have been proposed for the process inherent in Blocks A and B—for example, the value-percept discrepancy model (Locke, 1969, 1976), an instrumentalityvalence model (Vroom, 1964), a met-expectations model (Porter & Steers, 1973), and a contribution/inducement ratio (March & Simon, 1958). Comparative studies -that test the relative effiMuch more emphasis should be placed in the cacy of these and other alternative models of future on the psychology of the withdrawal satisfaction continue to be needed. process. . . Our understanding of the manner Most studies of turnover examine the direct in which the actual decision is made is far relationship between job satisfaction and turnfrom complete, (p. 173) over. The model presented in Figure 1 suggests The present paper suggests several of the pos- a number of possible mediating steps between sible intermediate steps in the withdrawal decision dissatisfaction and actual quitt ing. Block C sugprocess (specifically, the decision to quit a job). gests that one of the consequences of dissatisPorter and Steers (1973) suggested that expressed faction is to stimulate thoughts of quitting. intention to leave† may represent the next log- Although not of primary interest here, it is recogical step after experienced dissatisfaction in the nized that other forms of withdrawal less extreme withdrawal process. The withdrawal decision than quitting (e. g. , absenteeism, passive job beprocess presented here suggests that thinking of havior) are possible consequences of dissatisfaction (see e. g. , Brayfield & Crockett, 195S; Kraut, quitting is the next logical step after experienced 197S). issatisfaction and that â€Å"intention to leave,† folBlock D suggests that the next step in the lowing several other steps, may be the last step withdrawal decision process is an evaluation of prior to actual quitting. the expected utility of search and of the cost of qu itting. The evaluation of the expected utility of search would include an estimate of the Preparation of this paper was supported by a chances of finding an alternative to working in grant from the South Carolina Business Partnership the present job, some evaluation of the desirFoundation.Requests for reprints should be sent to William ability of possible alternatives, and the costs of H. Mobley, College of Business Administration, search (e. g. , travel, lost work time, etc. ). The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South evaluation of the cost of quitting would include Carolina 29208. suc'h considerations as loss of seniority, loss of 237 Reviews of the literature on the relationship between employee turnover and job satisfaction have reported a consistent negative relationship (Brayfield & Crockett, 19SS; Locke, 197S; Porter & Steers, 1973; Vroom, 1964).Locke (1976) noted that while the reported correlations have been consistent and significant, they have not been especially high (usually less than . 40). It is probable that other variables mediate the relationship between job satisfaction and the act of quitting. Based on their extensive review, Porter and Steers (1973) concluded the following: 238 SHORT NOTES clft iJ ,Pi 1^ : i 1 1 A. i * i* Evaluation of Existing Job f,-; i « 1! J 1! L B . l L Experienced Job Satisfaction4†¦ 1 * Dissatisfaction a) Alternative forms of withdrawal, e. g. (a )Aite absenteeism, passive job behavior absents 1 Thinking of Quitting J Evaluation of Expected Utility of Search and Cost of Quitting L E. IL LJL-: 1 Intention to Search for Alternatives < (b )Nor (b) Non-job related factors e. g. , I 1 transfe of spouse, may stimulate transfer intent! (c) Unsolicited or highly visible alternatives may stimulate evaluation F. I-L-. Search for Alternatives G. 1 1 1 J Comparison of Alternatives vs. Present Job d) One alternative may be withdrawal from labor market  »1_ 1. 1 Intention to Quit/Stay 1 i Figure 1. The employee turnover decision process. vested benefits, and the like. This block incorporates March and Simon's (1958) perceived ease of movement concept. If -the costs of quitting are high and/or the expected utility of search is low, the individual may reevaluate the existing job (resulting in a change in job satisfaction), reduce thinking of quitting, and/or engage in other forms of withdrawal behavior.Research is still needed on the determinants of alternative forms of withdrawal behavior and on how the expression of withdrawal behavior changes as a function of time and of changes in or revaluation of the environment. If there is some perceived chance of finding an alternative and if the costs are not prohibitive, the next step, Block E, would be behavioral intention to search for an alternative (s). As noted by Arrow (b) in Figure 1, non-job-related factors may also elicit an intention to search (e. g. , transfer of spouse, health problem, etc. ). The intention to search is followed by an actual search (Block F).If no alternatives are found, the individual may continue to search, reevaluate the expected utility of search, reevaluate the existing job, simply accept the current state of affairs, decrease thoughts of quitting, and/or engage in other forms of withdrawal behavior (e. g. , absenteeism, passive job behavior). (e) Impulsive Behavior SHORT NOTES If alternatives are available, including (in some cases) withdrawal from the labor market, an evaluation of alternatives is initiated (Block G). This evaluation process would be hypothesized to be similar to the evaluation process in Block A.However, specific job factors the individual considers in evaluating the present job and alternatives may differ. (See Hellriegel & White, 1973; and Kraut, 1975, for a discussion of this point. ) Independent of the preceding steps, unsolicited or highly visible alternatives may stimulate this evaluation process. The evaluation of alternatives is followed by a comparison of the pre sent job to alternative(s) (Block H). If the comparison favors the alternative, it will stimulate a behavioral intention to quit (Block I), followed by actual withdrawal (Block J).If the comparison favors the present job, the individual may continue ‘to search, reevaluate the expected utility of search, reevaluate the existing job, simply accept the current state of affairs, decrease thoughts of quitting, and/or engage in other forms of withdrawal behavior. Finally, Arrow (e) gives recognition to the fact that for some individuals, the decision to quit may be an impulsive act involving few, if any, of the preceding steps in this model. The relative incidence and the individual and situational determinants of an impulsive versus a subjectively rational decision process presents yet another area of needed research.The model being described is heuristic rather than descripitve. There may well be individual differences in the number and sequence of steps in the withdrawal decision process, in the degree to which the process is conscious, and as noted earlier, in the degree to which the act of quitting is impulsive rather than based on a subjectively rational decision process. One value of such an heuristic model is to guide thinking and empirical research toward a valid descriptive model that can account for such individual differences.There is a lack of research evaluating all or even most of the possible steps in the withdrawal decision process. There have been a few studies that have tested one or two of the intermediate linkages proposed in the present note. Mobley (Note 1) found high negative correlations between satisfaction and frequency of thinking of quitting (Blocks B and C). Atkinson and Lefferts (1972), who dealt with the association between Blocks C and J, found that the frequency with which people thought about quitting †¢their job was significantly related to actual termination.Kraut (1975), looking at the associations among Blocks B, I, and J, found significant cor- 239 relations between expressed intention to stay and subsequent employee participation. These correlations were much stronger than relationships between expressed satisfaction and continued participation. Finally, Armknecht and Early's (1972) review is relevant to the relationships between Blocks D and/or F and Block J. They concluded that voluntary terminations are closely related to economic conditions. Each of these studies fails to look at a complete withdrawal decision process.Such research would appear to be sorely needed. Several researchable questions that follow from the withdrawal decision process described in the present note were mentioned earlier, Additional questions include the following. Do individuals evaluate the expected utility of search? If so, what are the determinants and consequences of this evaluation? What are the consequences and determinants of behavior in the face of an unsuccessful search? In such cases, do individuals per sist in search, reevaluate their existing jobs, reevaluate the cost of search, or engage in other forms of withdrawal?Is the process and/or content for evaluating alternative jobs the same as for evaluating the present j o b ? Does satisfaction with the present job change as a function of the availability or evaluation of alternatives? Attention to these sorts of questions rather than a continued replication of the direct relationship between job satisfaction and turnover would appear to be warranted. Particularly useful would be the longitudinal analysis of the variables and linkages suggested by the model.Such research would be responsive to Porter and Steer's (1973) conclusion that more emphasis should be placed on the psychology of the withdrawal decision process. Reference Note 1. Mobley, W. H. Job satisfaction and thinking of quitting (Tech. Rep. 7S-3). Columbia: University of South Carolina, College of Business Administration, Management and Organizational Research Center, 19 75. References Armknecht, P. A. , & Early, J. F. Quits in manufacturing: A study of their causes. Monthly Labor Review, 1972, 11, 31-37. Atkinson, T. J. , & Lefferts, E. A.The prediction of turnover using Herzberg's job satisfaction technique. Personnel Psychology, 1972, 25, 53-64. Brayfleld, A. H. , & Crockett, W. H. Employee attitudes and employee performance. Psychological Bulletin, 1955, 52, 396-424. 240 SHORT NOTES oj industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1976. March, J. G. , & Simon, H. A. Organizations. New York: Wiley, 1958. Porter, L. W. , & Steers, R. M. Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, SO, 151176. Vroom, V. H. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley, 1964.Hcllriegel, D. , & White, G. E. Turnover of professionals in public accounting: A comparative analysis. Personnel Psychology, 1973, 26, 239-249. Kraut, A. I. Predicting turnover of employees from measured job attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Hitman Performance, 1975, 13, 233-243. Locke, E. A. What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1969, 4, 309336. Locke, E. A. Personnel attitudes and motivation. Annual Review oj Psychology, 1975, 26, 457-480. Locke, E. A. The nature and consequences of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed. ), Handbook Received February 5, 1976 †¢